Figure 2. Specific storage values from consolidometer tests, extensometer data, pumping tests and model calibration plotted separately.
The book Advanced Soil Mechanics (Das, 2008) contains a description of how consolidometer testing is used to get the coefficient of consolidation and an estimate of vertical permeability for a sample. Specific storage is calculated by dividing the vertical permeability by the coefficient of consolidation (Domenico and Mifflin, 1965). A paper by Polland and others (1984) illustrates how extensometer data may be used to estimate elastic and inelastic storage coefficients, and Hantush (1964) describes obtaining specific storage from barometric efficiency. Hantush (1964) also explains the use of type-curve methods for analyzing pumping test data, and Walton (1962) has provided graphs of some type curves. Software is also available for pumping test analysis. Pumping tests may be used for estimating specific storage of aquifers, but they do not yield specific storage of the aquitards so far as I know. A pumping test method that yields the hydraulic diffusivity (ratio of hydraulic conductivity to specific storage) of an aquitard has been described by Neuman and Witherspoon (1972), but this ratio would not yield specific storage unless the vertical hydraulic conductivity were known. Step tests may be used to estimate specific storage if data is obtained from a monitoring well located near the pumping well. The concept of storativity has been extended to unconfined aquifers. Water yielded due to aquifer compressibility may be separated from water yielded due to drainage at the water table in pumping test analysis. See the web page on unconfined aquifer testing using WATEQ.
Given the uncertainties related to specific storage, one might choose to use a value that is conservative for a particular problem. Estimates of specific storage may be improved by consolidometer and permeameter tests of cores in test wells; performing pumping tests, especially pumping tests supplemented with extensometer measurements of compaction; and numerical modeling of pumping test results, especially if piezometers are installed in the aquitards.
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Posted March 26, 2012. Revised May 26, 2013.